第215課: Counters IX: Counters with ヶ・ヵ
个 is the most commonly used measure word in Mandarin Chinese. This character is a simplified version of 箇, derived by taking one half of the 竹 radical. In Japanese, 个 is further reduced to ケ, which is then normally shrunk to ヶ. Appearance-wise, this glyph looks like a small Katakana ケ. However, the Katakana ケ actually derives from 介. The glyph ヶ is also treated as a variant of 個.
When used in counter phrases, ヶ is pronounced as “ka.” In government documents and news broadcasts, it is alternatively written as か. In other forms of publications such as the news or official documents at the workplace, it may also alternatively be written as カ or even ヵ.
The purpose of ヶ is to count things, but it can’t do this on its own. It is found as part of a handful of counters, all of which are frequently used. These counters will be the focus of this lesson.
・ヶ月(間)/カ月(間)/か月(間)/ヵ月(間)
・ヶ年/カ年/か年/ヵ年
・ヶ条/カ条/か条/ヵ条
・ヶ所/カ所/か所/ヵ所
・ヶ国/カ国/か国/ヵ国
・ヶ国語/カ国語/か国語/ヵ国語
・言語
As you can see, we have already familiarized ourselves with the first two counters in Lesson 49.
Lastly, after we have learned about these counters, we will conclude the lesson by learning about an exclusive purpose ヶ, alternatively written as a full-sized ケ, has in place names.
Spelling Notes:
1. The following outlets use か月: 読売新聞, NHK, 日本テレビ, and テレビ東京.
2. The following outlets use カ月: 朝日新聞, 毎日新聞, 日本経済新聞, 産経新聞, テレビ朝日, and フジテレビ.
3. The non-simplified spelling 箇 may also be seen in the spellings of the counters introduced in this lesson.
Reading Notes:
1. Because ヶ is also treated as an abbreviated form of 個, it can also stand for the counter 個. This, though, is only done based on personal preference.
2. At times in literature, カタカナ is sometimes used in 送り仮名. When this is the case, ケmay be shrunk to ヶ with no change in meaning or pronunciation. Meaning, it would be read as “ke” and would need to be distinguished from the ヶ discussed in this lesson. This use of a literal small ヶ can also be seen used in dialectical spelling.
Counters with ヶ・カ・か・ヵ
ヶ月(間)/カ月(間)/か月(間)/ヵ月(間)
This counter is used to count a period of months.
1 | いっかげつ(かん) | 2 | にかげつ(かん) | 3 | さんかげつ(かん) |
4 | よんかげつ(かん) | 5 | ごかげつ(かん) | 6 | ろっかげつ(かん) |
7 | ななかげつ(かん) | 8 | はちかげつ(かん) はっかげつ(かん) | 9 | きゅうかげつ(かん) |
10 | じゅっかげつ(かん) じっかげつ(かん) | 100 | ひゃっかげつ(かん) | ? | なんかげつ(かん) |
1. 8か月で約5倍になった計算だ。
This calculation shows it’s become approximately five times greater in eight months.
2. 異常気象が数カ月でグリーンアノールを急速に進化させた。
Extreme weather has made the green anole to rapidly evolve in a few months.
3. レギュラーガソリン、3か月ぶりに値下がり
First Price Decline for Regular Gasoline in Three Months
4. 「法定12ヶ月点検」って必ず受けなければいけないのでしょうか。
Must you always take the “Statutory 12-Month Inspection”?
5. 今回はこの5ヶ月のダイエット生活を振り返ってみたいと思います。
This time, I would like to look back at my dieting life for these past five months.
ヶ年/カ年/か年/ヵ年
This counter translates as “over…years” and is frequently employed in legislation and business settings.
1 | いっかねん △ | 2 | にかねん | 3 | さんかねん | 4 | よんかねん |
5 | ごかねん | 6 | ろっかねん | 7 | ななかねん | 8 | はちかねん はっかねん |
9 | きゅうかねん | 10 | じゅっかねん じっかねん | 100 | ひゃっかねん | ? | なんかねん |
6. この3か年実施計画書に基づいて予算を編成します。
(We) will compile the budget based on this three-year implementation plan.
7. 道路整備の5か年計画が決定された。
The five-year road maintenance plan was decided upon.
8. 国の直轄工事では、2カ年国債の活用によって新規工事契約件数が増えた。
In government-controlled construction, the number of new construction contracts increased due to the application of two-year government bonds.
9. この6ヵ年計画の非現実性について説明します。
I will explain the impracticality of this six-year plan.
10. 政府は、がん研究10か年戦略を策定した。
The government settled on the ten-year strategy for cancer research.
ヶ条/カ条/か条/ヵ条
This counter counts the number of articles/clauses/sections in an official document. It may also be used to mean “points” as in “10 points to a happy marriage.” The noun for article/clause is 箇条, which is written with 箇 instead of with any of the abbreviated variants of the character.
1 | いっかじょう | 2 | にかじょう | 3 | さんかじょう |
4 | よんかじょう | 5 | ごかじょう | 6 | ろっかじょう |
7 | ななかじょう | 8 | はちかじょう はっかじょう | 9 | きゅうかじょう |
10 | じゅっかじょう じっかじょう | 100 | ひゃっかじょう | ? | なんかじょう |
11. 幸せになる100か条
The 100 Points to Becoming Happy
12. がんを防ぐための12か条
12 Point Guide to Preventing Cancer
13. 情報セキュリティ5か条
Five-Point Information Security
14. 放火防止5か条を実践しましょう。
Let’s practice the five points to preventing arson.
15. 暴力団対応12か条
Twelve Points to Handling Gangs
16. マイナンバー法は57ヶ条あります。
The My Number Law has 57 clauses.
17. 憲法は全部で169ヶ条あります。
The constitution has 169 clauses in total.
18. 権利や自由を定めた条文は11ヶ条あります。
The text has 11 clauses that establish rights and freedoms.
19. 現行憲法は全部で103ヶ条あって、そのうち補足が4ヶ条あります。
The current constitution has 103 clauses in total, and of those there are four complementary notes.
ヶ所/カ所/か所/ヵ所
This counter is used to count places/locations. As a noun, 箇所 means “passage/part.”
1 | いっかしょ | 2 | にかしょ | 3 | さんかしょ |
4 | よんかしょ | 5 | ごかしょ | 6 | ろっかしょ |
7 | ななかしょ | 8 | はちかしょ はっかしょ | 9 | きゅうかしょ |
10 | じゅっかしょ じっかしょ | 100 | ひゃっかしょ | ? | なんかしょ |
20. 3年前の8月20日に広島市内の166か所で土石流や崖崩れが発生し、77人が死亡しました。
77 people died in the debris flows and the landslides that occurred in 166 places within Hiroshima City three years ago on August 20th.
21. 2、3ヶ所誤りがあります。
There are two or three areas with mistakes.
22. 見直された避難所は1か所もありません。
There is not a single shelter that has been re-examined.
23. 3か所以上の医療機関に通院している高齢者の9割が、慢性疾患の薬を5種類以上処方されている。
Nine-tenths of elderly patients being regularly treated at over three medial institutions are being prescribed over five kinds of chronic illness medication.
24. ポケストップを10か所連続で回りました。
I visited ten Pokestops in a row.
ヶ国/カ国/か国/ヵ国
This counter is used to count countries/nations.
1 | いっかこく | 2 | にかこく | 3 | さんかこく |
4 | よんかこく | 5 | ごかこく | 6 | ろっかこく |
7 | ななかこく | 8 | はちかこく はっかこく | 9 | きゅうかこく |
10 | じゅっかこく じっかこく | 100 | ひゃっかこく | ? | なんかこく |
25. 現在、OECDの加盟国は35か国となっています。
Currently, there are thirty-five member states in the OECD.
26. 世界の国の数は何カ国?
What is the number of countries in the world?
27. パレスチナに関しては、日本政府は国家承認していないが、すでに約130か国がパレスティナを承認している。
Regarding Palestine, although the Japanese government does not recognize it as a state, there are already approximately 130 nations that have recognized Palestine.
28. アジア3カ国に跨る洪水で約300人が死亡した。
Approximately 300 people have died in the flooding that has spanned three Asian countries.
29. 世界10カ国以上で愛用されている。
It is habitually used in over ten countries in the world.
In set phrases, especially those related to history and international politics, nations may be counted with 国.
30. オーストリアとカナダは二国間関係を結んでいる。
Australia and Canada have bilateral relations.
31. アメリカとの二国間自由貿易協定は実現するのか。
Will a bilateral free trade agreement realize with America?
32. バルト三国は、バルト海の東岸、フィンランドの南に南北に並ぶ3つの国を指す。
The Baltic States refers to the three countries lined up north to south to the south of Finland on the east coast of the Baltic Sea.
Grammar Note: Notice how “the three countries” is expressed with 3つの国. This is another means of counting countries that is occasionally used.
ヶ国語/カ国語/か国語/ヵ国語
This counter is used to count languages. However, as is implied by the spelling, this usually only refers to languages that are national languages. Because of this, counting languages with 言語, the word for “language,” is deemed most appropriate whenever national status is not a concern with the languages one is counting.
・かこくご
1 | いっかこくご | 2 | にかこくご | 3 | さんかこくご |
4 | よんかこくご | 5 | ごかこくご | 6 | ろっかこくご |
7 | ななかこくご | 8 | はちかこくご はっこくご | 9 | きゅうかこくご |
10 | じゅっかこくご じっかこくご | 100 | ひゃっかこくご | ? | なんかこくご |
・げんご
1 | いちげんご | 2 | にげんご | 3 | さんげんご |
4 | よんげんご | 5 | ごげんご | 6 | ろくげんご |
7 | ななげんご | 8 | はちげんご | 9 | きゅうげんご |
10 | じゅうげんご | 100 | ひゃくげんご | ? | なんげんご |
33. 二ヶ国語を話す人のことをバイリンガルと呼びますが、三ヶ国語の話者をトライリンガルもしくはトリリンガルと呼びます。
We call people who speak two languages bilingual, but we call speakers of three languages trilingual.
34. 2言語併記の標識や看板などが設置されている。
Bilingual signs and billboards are installed.
35. ヘルシンキ市内には30か国語を教える学校もある。
There is also a school in Helsinki that teaches thirty languages.
36. この地域では15言語が使用されている。
There are fifteen languages used in this region.
37. 英語・フランス語・オランダ語の3か国語を教える学校となりました。
The school has become a school that teaches the three languages English, French, and Dutch.
38. 日本政府からの情報番組(5か国語放送)をご紹介します。
Here is an introduction to an information program (five-language broadcast) from the Japanese government.
39. 彼はプログラミング言語も含めて、10言語話せるらしい。
He apparently knows ten languages, including also programming languages.
40. SOV型が一番多く565言語、次いでSVO型が488言語である。
The SOV pattern is the one with the most languages with 565, following it is the SVO pattern with 488.
Place Names: ヶ・ケ
When ヶ, alternatively spelled as ケ, is used in places names, especially those found in East Japan, it stands in place of a classical usage of the particle が, which is to mark the possessive case. In this sense, it is equivalent to the particle の. Not all place names with this が are written with these glyphs, though. Sometimes it’s just written as が・ガ.
Sekigahara | 関ケ原 | Hatogaya | 鳩ヶ谷 | Tsutsujigaoka | つつじヶ丘 |
Chigasaki | 茅ヶ崎 | Shichigahama | 七ヶ浜 | Aogashima | 青ヶ島 |
Yatsugatake | 八ヶ岳 | Kamagaya | 鎌ケ谷 | Kasumigaseki | 霞が関 |