第352課: Locational: ～渡る/渡す, ～出る, ～上がる/上げる, ～入る/入れる, ～下がる/下げる, ～おりる/おろす, ～落ちる/落とす, & ～回る/回す
This lesson is about the compound verb endings of direction. Not everything is common, but it is important for you to understand things that you may come across.
～渡る
One of the most unique things about the verb 渡る is its usage in に渡せられる・渡らせ給う, which are rare, literary alternative ways to express ある and いる in honorific speech.1. あの人は美男に渡らせられる。（Literary and old-fashioned)
He is a beautiful man.
In compound verbs after the 連用形, ～渡る is used to show the extent of a perimeter over a large area. When used in a transitive sense for the same purpose, it is replaced with its transitive form 渡す.
2. 空が晴れ渡った。
The sky is clear.
3. 城を明け渡すな。
Do not surrender the castle.
4. 悪魔に魂を売り渡すのは愚かことだ。
Selling your soul to the devil is a foolish thing to do.
5. 判事は判決をそろそろ言い渡すだろう。
The judge will probably pass a sentence soon.
6. インターネット中に知れ渡っている。
To be well-known throughout the internet.
7. 祝砲が｛鳴り渡る・轟く｝。
For gun salutes to resound.
～出る
～出る expresses that something is going out and is, with few exceptions, intransitive. Unlike ～出す which expresses great emphasis that doesn’t have to infer direction, ～出る always does.
8. 遺体から突き出ている刃
A sword protruding from a body
9. 溢れ出る血が土に溜まった。
The flowing blood pooled on the ground.
10. 涙が湧き出た。
Tears welled up.
11. 彼は外へ走り出た。
He ran outside.
12. 海底から石油が浮き出た。
Oil stood out from the sea floor.
13. 目の玉が飛び出るような値段だよ。
It’s a price that can make your eyeballs pop out!
～上がる & -上げる
上がる and 上げる may be used in compound verbs to show that things are being lifted/raised. As we have learned, 上がる is intransitive and 上げる is transitive. ～上がる and ～上げる may also show the completion of something.
14. 浮き上がっているように見えませんか。
Does it not appear that they’re standing out? (As in being visible)
15. そんなにでかすぎる岩持ち上げれるのかい？（Rude）
Can you even lift such a humongous rock?
16. スーツケースを引き上げる。
To lug suitcases up.
17. 彼はボールを投げ上げた。
He threw the ball up into the air.
18a. メモに書き上がる。(More formal)
18b. メモに書いてある。
To be written up in a note.
19. 商品の値段を押し上げる。
To boost product prices.
20. 斜面を這い上がる。
To crawl up a slope.
21. 武器を取って立ち上がる。
To take up arms.
22. やれやれ、新たな難問が持ち上がったのー。（Old person)
Oh my, a new problem has come up.
～入る & ～入れる
～入る and ～入れる are the intransitive and transitive verbal pairs for “to enter”. In compound verbs they refer to something completely done or done deeply or ardently.
23. 味方に引き入れる。
To win over.
24. 恐れ入りました。
I am much obliged.
25. 痛み入る。
To be greatly obliged.
26. 見事な能力に感じ入る。
To be greatly impressed by astounding abilities.
27. 恥じ入りました。
I was ashamed.
28. 絶え入るような顔
A dead looking face
29. 私たちは買い入れるペースを急激に上げています。
We are suddenly raising the pace of purchasing.
30. 赤ちゃんが寝入っているうちに両親は買い物に行った。
The parents went shopping while the baby was in a deep slumber.
31. 立ち入ったことを聞くようだが。
If I’m not being too inquisitive.
32. 立ち入り禁止
Keep Out
33. 空欄に書き入れる。
To fill in blank spaces.
34. 意見を聞き入れる。
To accede an opinion.
35. 新しい方針を取り入れるつもりはない。
There is no plan to bring in a new policy.
～下がる & ～下げる
下がる and 下げる are the verbal pairs for “to hang down/fall” and are intransitive and transitive respectively. The nuances of the verbs that are created with ～下がる and ～下げる are negative.
36. あいつは引き下がるだろう。
He will probably back down.
37. 彼らは｛訴願・不服申し立て・異議申し立て｝を引き下げた。
They pulled down the petition.
38. 垂れ下がってる氷柱は明日落ちるだろうな。
The hanging icicles will probably fall tomorrow.
39a. 言ったことを取り下げるはずだ。?
39b. 言ったことを｛取り消す撤回する｝はずだ。〇
You should retract what you said.
Word Note: 取り下げる should be used in reference to things like documents/written statements.
～おりる & ～おろす
Meaning “to go down/drop”, おりる and おろす are used in compound expressions to show a sense of going down, but a negative emphasis is not always the case. おりる is typically written as 降りる and おろす is typically written as 下ろす.
40. 舞台から引き下ろす。
To pluck someone done from a stage.
41. 東京を見下ろす。
To look down at Tokyo.
Word Note: 見下ろす can be used literally and metaphorically.
42. 私の友達は小説を書き下ろしました。
My friend wrote a new novel.
Nuance Note: This suggests that your friend is a professional novelist.
43a. 山頂から駆け降りる。
43b. 山を駆け下りる。
To run down the peak of a mountain.
44. 舞い降りてきた。
It came flying down.
45. 強風が吹き下ろしていた。
A strong wind was blowing down.
～落ちる & ～落とす
落ちる and 落とす are the verbal pairs for “to fall/drop” and are intransitive and transitive respectfully. These verbs show a downward sense of direction in a compound verb.
46. この世に生れ落ちなくてよかったのに。
If only I had not been born in this world.
47. 焼け落ちるのにほんの五分もかからなかったぞ。
It only took a mere five minutes to burn down.
48. 俺の皿から滑り落ちちまった。（Mature male; vulgar）
It slipped from my plate.
49. 彼が水を払い落とした。
He shook off the water.
50. ｛見落とされた・見過ごされた｝のかな。
I wonder if it was overlooked.
51. 銀行口座から引き落とす。
To charge from one’s bank account.
52. 果物を振り落とそう。
Let’s shake some fruit off.
53. 家を崖から突き落とすのは危ないよ。
Pushing a house off of a cliff is dangerous.
～回る & ～回す
回る and 回す are the verbal pairs for “to turn/rotate” and are intransitive and transitive respectively. When used in compounds, they show movement while doing something. ～回る can be seen attached to both intransitive and transitive verbs, but ～回す is limited to transitive verbs. It is to be expected that a nuance difference is present when both ～回る and ～回す can be used. You will see this more clearly in the examples below.
54. あちこちを駆け回る。
To run around here and there.
55. 仕事を探し回るつもりがあるのか。
Do you have any intentions of looking about for a job?
56. 自分の周りを見回した方がよいです。(ちょっと古風; Formal)
It is best to look around one’s surroundings.
57. 私は新車を駐車場に乗り回したいです。
I want to ride around a new car in a parking lot.
58. 警備員は輪番で見回ります。
The guards patrol in rotations.
Nuance Note: This infers that there are a lot of guards patrolling in rotation. You may consider using 交代で instead of 輪番で.
59. 犯人を追い回す。
To chase about a criminal.