第021課: Demonstratives
Demonstrative words can’t be simply defined as starting with these four sounds in Classical Japanese. So, we will simply refer to them as 指示詞, which means “demonstratives”.
The Four Dimensions
There are four different types of 指示詞. This is just like in Modern Japanese; it’s just appearance that doesn’t make this clear sometimes. These four types differ in terms of distance because they are, again, demonstratives.
- Close to the speaker
- Close to the listener(s)
- Far away from both the speaker and listener(s)
- Indeterminate
However, it is never this simple. For example, when referring to something that is not concretely there, there are three words for that: その, あの, and かの. The first is used when something is unfamiliar to the listener, the second is used when both are familiar, and the third is used when neither the speaker nor the listener are familiar with what’s being talked about. We see little details like this in Classical Japanese as well.
Conditions of 指示詞
No single theory can completely explain the usages of 指示詞. Distance is not the only factor. 我 refers to oneself rather than like そなた to mean “you” because of the distance factor, but distance alone doesn’t explain the rather complex usages of そ and あ words.
First, you must look at the sphere of influence of the speaker and listener. Say you’re taunting someone to hit you. You tell them to hit you “here”. The person you’re taunting responds, “hit you where, here?” “Yes, there”. In the first instance, ここ would be used. Speaker B would use どこ then ここ. You would then respond with そこ. ここ shows one’s realm of control. ここ used by Speaker B shows his/her realm of influence, the place where you’re going to be punched. If you turn your back around, you’re going to be hit somewhere on your backside. Now, it is out of your control and you’re probably going to get what you deserve.
If that was the only condition, any abstract application of これ or それ would be ungrammatical. However, this is not the case at all. Thus, a dimension of experience must be accounted for. こ and あ words relate to direct experience whereas それ is indirect (in respect to the listener’s knowledge or sense). This explains the usage of “that” mentioned earlier.
This leads to even more things to consider. Essentially, there are two kinds of usages of 指示詞. They are either based on the scene (現場指示) or on context (文脈指示), with the last being the hardest one to interpret.
| 現場指示 | 文脈指示 | |
| こ | What the speaker has influence over. | As if it is managed by the speaker. |
| そ | Creates an indirect experiential scene. | Necessarily indirectly experienced object. |
| あ | No influence over something now. | Direct experience by the speaker in the past. |
指示代名詞
As the title says, this section is about demonstrative pronouns. This section will be dominated by a chart with notes and examples after it. More Japanese is to be implemented in charts, so get ready.
| こ | そ | あ | か （方向・場所・他人） | 不定称 | わ （自分） | |
| 限定 | こ（れ） | そ（れ） | あ（れ） | か（れ） | たれ （人） いづれ （もの） | わ（れ） |
| 場所 | ここ | そこ | あそこ あしこ あすこ あこ | かそこ かしこ | いづこ いづく | |
| 場所周辺 | ここら ここいら | そこら そこいら | あ（そ）こら あすこら あそこいら | どこら どこいら | ||
| 指定 | この | その | あの | かの | いづれの | われの わが |
| 限定指定 | これの | それの | あれの | かれの | どれの | |
| 方向 | こち | そち | あち | いづち いづかた | ||
| 方向周辺 | こちら | そちら | あちら | |||
| 指定方向 | このち | そのち | あのち | かのち | どのち | |
| 時 | いつ | |||||
| 尊称 | こなた | そなた | あなた | かなた | どなた | |
| 蔑称 | こやつ | そやつ | あやつ | かやつ | どやつ |
Usage Notes:
1. The れ in the first row is not seen most often in older works.
2. The use of か words for 3rd person is limited. We all know that 彼 means “he” in Modern Japanese, but this is a rather recent development. Words such as かれ and かなた could originally also refer to other people.
3. -ら is like “-abouts”. Before the arrival of どこ, いづこ・いづく was just used for the indefinite column.
4. The second person pronoun 其（し） also existed.
5. Of course, not all of these originate at the same time, and not all of them have survived to the present. All of this comes with the course of language. However, when you see one of these, you should have a pretty good idea what it’s being used for. Again, some of these are ancient.
6. The words かすか and かそけし share origin with かしこ.
7. In Modern Japanese これの, それの, あれの, and どれの are not used as alternatives to この， その， etc. They are very limited. かれの VS かの is more productive. The difference can be ascertained from the chart. The first is now used to mean “his”. The second is used to mean “that” which is distant/unfamiliar to both the speaker and listener(s).
8. この, その, etc., were deemed as two words put together, a demonstrative word + の.
9. こなた、そなた、Etc. could also be used as direction words.
10. For those that can be used as pronouns, the 1st person pronouns such as こちら can refer not necessarily to oneself but someone in one’s in-group just like in Modern Japanese. So, rather, you can view the demonstratives こちら and そちら referring to one’s in-group and out-group respectively.
11. Of course, there are other demonstratives in Japanese. Another includes 遠近(をちこち), which is equivalent to あちらこちら.
Examples
1. あの男、こち寄れ。
Man over there, come here!
From the 更級日記.
2. わが妹ども
My own sisters
From the 源氏物語.
3. 知らず、生まれ死ぬる人、いづかたより来たりて、いづかたへか去る。
I know not where people who are born and die come and go.
From the 方丈記.
4. 原文：篭毛與 美篭母乳 布久思毛與 美夫君志持 此岳尓 菜採須兒 家吉閑名 告<紗>根 虚見津 山跡乃國者 押奈戸手 吾許曽居 師<吉>名倍手 吾己曽座 我<許>背齒 告目 家呼毛名雄母
訓読：篭もよ み篭持ち 堀串もよ み堀串持ち この岳に 菜摘ます児 家聞かな 告らさね そらみつ 大和の国は おしなべて 我れこそ居れ しきなべて 我れこそ座せ 我れこそば 告らめ 家をも名をも
Hey, young girl with the basket, the wonderful basket, and the hand shovel the wonderful hand shovel picking grasses, tell me where you live but not its name. For I rule all of the land of Yamato filled with the spirits of the Gods. Though I rule everything, show me where you’re from, your house and your name.
From the 万葉集.
5. かの花は失せにけるは。
That flower has ended up disappearing!
From the 枕草子.
Word Note: か words are weaker in their demonstrative nature, and かの can be interpreted as being “usual/certain”, which would make this sentence all the more exclamatory.
6. 誰か知らまし。
Who would know?
From the 古今和歌集.
7. それを見れば、三寸ばかりなる人。
When he looked at it, it was a person of around three sun.
From the 竹取物語.
Word Notes: A 寸 is approximately three centimeters. Also note that it is often easy to translate それ as “it”, but remember in Japanese that these demonstrative words have a dimension of distance in their interpretation.
8. 生きとし生けるもの、いづれか歌を詠まざりける。
Of all living things, which does not recite poetry?
From the 古今和歌集.
Word Note: 生きとし生けるもの is actually still used as a set phrase today.
9. 「これなむ都鳥」と言ふを聞きて
Hearing him say, “This is the capital bird”…
From the 伊勢物語.
10. こちへおはいりあそばせ。
Please come in here.
From the 菅原伝授手習鑑.
11. そこに日を暮らしつ。
They ended up passing the day there.
From the 更級日記.
Word Note: Even self-reflexive pronouns like おのれ・おのが are demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative Adverbs
Demonstrative adverbs have much more variation. Today, there is こう, そう, ああ, and どう. However, way back when, there was かく, さ, しか, と, and いか along with many other expressions based off of them, many of which are still used today.
Expressions
| 漢字 | 意味 | 変化 | 表現 |
| 斯く | こう | かく → かう → こう | かくして ＝ こうしてかく＋ある → かかる ＝ こういう |
| 然 | そう | さ → さう → そう | さほど ＝ それほどさにあらず ＝ そうではないさ＋ある → さる ＝ とある・或るさ＋あらば → さらば ＝ そうしたら；さようならさ＋あれば → されば ＝ それでは；だから |
| しか | そう | しかして ＝ そうしてしか＋あるに → しかるに ＝ そうであるのにしか＋あるべく → しかるべく ＝ 適当にしか＋あれども → しかれども ＝ そうであるけれどもしか＋あらば → しからば ＝ それならしか＋あれば → しかれば ＝ そうであるので | |
| と | ああ | とかく ＝ ああだったりこうだったりとにもかくにも ＝ ああでもこうでも； いずれにしても | |
| いか | どう | いかに ＝ どのように、どういかばかり ＝ どれほど |
Not all phrases are simple translations to modern Japanese. Some are worded differently today. There are also many phrases with 指示副詞 ＋ あり in Classical Japanese. Some of these become 連体詞, 接続詞, and other 副詞.
Examples
12. いかばかり恥ずかしう、かたはらいたくも候ふらむ。
How embarrassing and awkward it must have been.
From the 平家物語.
13. 命は天に在り。然れば時を待つのみ。
Life is in heaven. So, we must only wait for that time.
By 福沢諭吉.
14. しかるに禄いまだに賜はらず。
Even so, we still haven’t received our rewards.
From the 竹取物語.